1 00:00:07,220 --> 00:00:05,390 when you go to another planet there's 2 00:00:09,259 --> 00:00:07,230 just so much potential for making brand 3 00:00:10,759 --> 00:00:09,269 new discoveries my name is Katie stack 4 00:00:13,039 --> 00:00:10,769 Morgan and I study rocks on other 5 00:00:14,660 --> 00:00:13,049 planets the Mars 2020 will be seeking 6 00:00:16,730 --> 00:00:14,670 signs of ancient life in the rock record 7 00:00:18,109 --> 00:00:16,740 of Mars the instruments are really well 8 00:00:20,060 --> 00:00:18,119 suited to look for things that we call 9 00:00:21,349 --> 00:00:20,070 bio signatures which are signs that 10 00:00:24,200 --> 00:00:21,359 ancient life might have been there in 11 00:00:26,269 --> 00:00:24,210 the past to really confirm that life had 12 00:00:27,980 --> 00:00:26,279 a hand in creating those signatures or 13 00:00:29,029 --> 00:00:27,990 textures we really do need to bring 14 00:00:30,980 --> 00:00:29,039 those samples back 15 00:00:32,780 --> 00:00:30,990 we have capabilities and laboratories 16 00:00:34,700 --> 00:00:32,790 here on earth that we can't fit in a 17 00:00:35,870 --> 00:00:34,710 compact instrument on a rover this is 18 00:00:37,580 --> 00:00:35,880 the Mars yard and this is where our 19 00:00:39,650 --> 00:00:37,590 Rovers practice driving over rocky 20 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:39,660 terrain we work together with the 21 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:41,250 engineers to understand what type of 22 00:00:44,690 --> 00:00:43,290 terrain the rover can handle that we can 23 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:44,700 get to the most exciting places which 24 00:00:48,650 --> 00:00:46,530 are often the most challenging our 25 00:00:50,150 --> 00:00:48,660 landing site for Mars 2020 is jezero 26 00:00:52,069 --> 00:00:50,160 crater what's really exciting about 27 00:00:54,170 --> 00:00:52,079 jezero is that it has a beautifully 28 00:00:55,939 --> 00:00:54,180 preserved Delta they tend to be a really 29 00:00:57,889 --> 00:00:55,949 good place to preserve evidence of past 30 00:00:59,810 --> 00:00:57,899 life and we look for things like organic 31 00:01:01,549 --> 00:00:59,820 matter that get concentrated in the 32 00:01:03,290 --> 00:01:01,559 rocks of a delta so this rock is a 33 00:01:05,210 --> 00:01:03,300 sandstone not unlike a rock that we 34 00:01:06,830 --> 00:01:05,220 might actually find in jezero crater we 35 00:01:08,570 --> 00:01:06,840 would be interested in sampling a rock 36 00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:08,580 like this to understand what each 37 00:01:12,649 --> 00:01:10,170 individual sand grain has to tell us 38 00:01:14,539 --> 00:01:12,659 about Mars and its evolution growing up 39 00:01:16,550 --> 00:01:14,549 as a kid we used to go on lots of hikes 40 00:01:18,109 --> 00:01:16,560 and would visit national parks for 41 00:01:19,700 --> 00:01:18,119 summer vacations so when I found out 42 00:01:21,740 --> 00:01:19,710 that I had the opportunity to combine 43 00:01:23,870 --> 00:01:21,750 geology and love with the outdoors with 44 00:01:24,830 --> 00:01:23,880 exploring rocks on another planet I 45 00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:24,840 thought you know this is really the 46 00:01:27,649 --> 00:01:26,430 perfect type of thing for me to do not 47 00:01:29,450 --> 00:01:27,659 only could I work on an interesting 48 00:01:31,039 --> 00:01:29,460 science project but I could do it with a 49 00:01:32,899 --> 00:01:31,049 big team of people all working together 50 00:01:38,960 --> 00:01:32,909 with a focus goal and I thought that's 51 00:01:41,060 --> 00:01:38,970 what I want to do I'm marina Jericho 52 00:01:44,690 --> 00:01:41,070 with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 53 00:01:47,420 --> 00:01:44,700 JPL is where the Mars 2020 mission and 54 00:01:49,760 --> 00:01:47,430 perseverance rover are managed getting 55 00:01:53,090 --> 00:01:49,770 to Mars is a test of perseverance in 56 00:01:55,460 --> 00:01:53,100 itself there are so many incredible 57 00:01:57,649 --> 00:01:55,470 stories from the thousands of people who 58 00:02:00,230 --> 00:01:57,659 are a part of the mission today we are 59 00:02:03,109 --> 00:02:00,240 with one of the many faces behind the 60 00:02:05,660 --> 00:02:03,119 spacecraft Mars 2020 deputy project 61 00:02:08,900 --> 00:02:05,670 scientist katie stack morgan is hoping 62 00:02:09,770 --> 00:02:08,910 to find the signs of ancient life on the 63 00:02:11,510 --> 00:02:09,780 Red Planet 64 00:02:11,850 --> 00:02:11,520 she joins us live to answer some 65 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:11,860 questions 66 00:02:18,870 --> 00:02:17,290 the hashtag ask NASA in light of the 67 00:02:21,630 --> 00:02:18,880 times I am talking to Katie 68 00:02:25,200 --> 00:02:21,640 across the miles in our homes as we are 69 00:02:28,260 --> 00:02:25,210 social distancing welcome Katie thanks 70 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:28,270 marina I'm so glad to be here today well 71 00:02:32,790 --> 00:02:30,370 thank you so much for joining us now 72 00:02:35,540 --> 00:02:32,800 what exactly does a deputy project 73 00:02:39,300 --> 00:02:35,550 scientist do with the Mars 2020 mission 74 00:02:41,700 --> 00:02:39,310 so the Mars 2020 team has hundreds of 75 00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:41,710 team members including included in that 76 00:02:45,270 --> 00:02:43,570 are three hundred and fifty scientists 77 00:02:47,010 --> 00:02:45,280 both at JPL and around the world 78 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:47,020 and as a deputy project scientist 79 00:02:50,460 --> 00:02:48,730 together with the project scientist and 80 00:02:53,490 --> 00:02:50,470 a fellow deputy where the science 81 00:02:55,710 --> 00:02:53,500 leadership for those 350 scientists and 82 00:02:57,660 --> 00:02:55,720 so during the course of the missions 83 00:02:59,340 --> 00:02:57,670 development we represent the science 84 00:03:01,260 --> 00:02:59,350 objectives as they're building the rover 85 00:03:03,330 --> 00:03:01,270 and once we land on the surface we leave 86 00:03:04,949 --> 00:03:03,340 the science team in the science mission 87 00:03:06,870 --> 00:03:04,959 helping to make decisions for what we do 88 00:03:10,050 --> 00:03:06,880 with the rover on Mars and and how we 89 00:03:11,699 --> 00:03:10,060 how we do the exciting things that we we 90 00:03:15,420 --> 00:03:11,709 hope to do on the surface of Mars with 91 00:03:17,610 --> 00:03:15,430 perseverance and exciting it is for sure 92 00:03:19,860 --> 00:03:17,620 Katie now how did you get where you are 93 00:03:24,210 --> 00:03:19,870 today and what did you study in school 94 00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:24,220 and what jobs led to this one yeah so in 95 00:03:28,470 --> 00:03:26,260 college I I knew I wanted to be a 96 00:03:30,300 --> 00:03:28,480 scientist I didn't know which kind of 97 00:03:32,490 --> 00:03:30,310 science I wanted to go into it first and 98 00:03:34,050 --> 00:03:32,500 I started in in astrophysics and 99 00:03:36,270 --> 00:03:34,060 astronomy and I was always interested in 100 00:03:38,850 --> 00:03:36,280 space but I had the great fortune of 101 00:03:41,190 --> 00:03:38,860 taking a planetary geology class so 102 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:41,200 geology of other planets and I and I 103 00:03:45,300 --> 00:03:43,090 just loved it and so I started taking 104 00:03:47,900 --> 00:03:45,310 more geology classes and chemistry and 105 00:03:50,729 --> 00:03:47,910 math in preparation for being a 106 00:03:52,650 --> 00:03:50,739 planetary geologist but I also took a 107 00:03:54,870 --> 00:03:52,660 lot of history classes and I think that 108 00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:54,880 really contributed to my fascination 109 00:03:58,830 --> 00:03:56,650 with the history and the story of 110 00:04:00,540 --> 00:03:58,840 planets and how they evolved and so it 111 00:04:01,979 --> 00:04:00,550 was a combination of that kind of 112 00:04:04,860 --> 00:04:01,989 background that I think really prepared 113 00:04:06,630 --> 00:04:04,870 me to go into a role like this and I 114 00:04:08,070 --> 00:04:06,640 started off on the curiosity the Mars 115 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:08,080 Science Laboratory Curiosity rover 116 00:04:13,620 --> 00:04:11,290 mission it had just a great time on that 117 00:04:16,199 --> 00:04:13,630 mission and that continues today and 118 00:04:18,599 --> 00:04:16,209 that led into this job here on the 119 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:18,609 perseverance rover team and I'm really 120 00:04:24,990 --> 00:04:21,370 excited to to lead this team and and to 121 00:04:28,470 --> 00:04:26,730 like you said rocks have a history and 122 00:04:30,060 --> 00:04:28,480 they tell their own story and that's 123 00:04:31,700 --> 00:04:30,070 what you're going to hope to find out 124 00:04:34,380 --> 00:04:31,710 now the Rover was recently named 125 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:34,390 perseverance what does that name mean to 126 00:04:38,870 --> 00:04:37,210 you personally you know I think that 127 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:38,880 name was such an appropriate name for 128 00:04:44,370 --> 00:04:41,770 the Mars 2020 Rover which is the the 129 00:04:46,410 --> 00:04:44,380 first step in a possible international 130 00:04:48,630 --> 00:04:46,420 sample return effort to bring samples 131 00:04:50,370 --> 00:04:48,640 from Mars back to earth you know usually 132 00:04:52,350 --> 00:04:50,380 when we send spacecraft to Mars it's 133 00:04:55,140 --> 00:04:52,360 it's one Rover or one lander at a time 134 00:04:57,000 --> 00:04:55,150 and in that that's the mission but with 135 00:04:59,310 --> 00:04:57,010 with perseverance and and this future 136 00:05:02,520 --> 00:04:59,320 sample return campaign it's it's 137 00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:02,530 multiple missions over over several many 138 00:05:07,110 --> 00:05:05,260 years and with international 139 00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:07,120 participation and we're gonna need 140 00:05:11,310 --> 00:05:09,190 perseverance to to get those samples 141 00:05:13,260 --> 00:05:11,320 back here to earth and so I think that 142 00:05:16,110 --> 00:05:13,270 name is a good reminder even though Mars 143 00:05:17,610 --> 00:05:16,120 2020 is that first step of the journey 144 00:05:21,180 --> 00:05:17,620 that we have ahead of us and the 145 00:05:22,590 --> 00:05:21,190 challenges to ultimately succeed in our 146 00:05:24,780 --> 00:05:22,600 science objectives of bringing those 147 00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:24,790 samples back and so we're looking 148 00:05:29,010 --> 00:05:26,770 forward to that and the name of this 149 00:05:30,810 --> 00:05:29,020 Rover serves as a great reminder for 150 00:05:33,330 --> 00:05:30,820 what we have ahead and and to help keep 151 00:05:36,270 --> 00:05:33,340 us motivated to keep to keep going to 152 00:05:37,980 --> 00:05:36,280 reach that ultimate objective and I know 153 00:05:39,870 --> 00:05:37,990 there's so many of us who just can't 154 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:39,880 wait to go on this journey with you and 155 00:05:46,050 --> 00:05:42,370 the team K T now perseverance is landing 156 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:46,060 on Mars at jezero crater why is it that 157 00:05:51,180 --> 00:05:47,770 you and the team chose this particular 158 00:05:53,190 --> 00:05:51,190 area so there are a lot of craters on 159 00:05:55,680 --> 00:05:53,200 Mars and we visited other craters on 160 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:55,690 Mars with previous Rovers but jezero is 161 00:06:00,000 --> 00:05:57,010 special for a couple of different 162 00:06:03,300 --> 00:06:00,010 reasons for one it's on the edge of one 163 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:03,310 of the most the most the largest and and 164 00:06:08,490 --> 00:06:05,530 oldest impact basins on the surface of 165 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:08,500 Mars and so the rocks that we have 166 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:10,690 exposed in jezero crater really give us 167 00:06:15,060 --> 00:06:12,970 that that went to the earliest time in 168 00:06:16,830 --> 00:06:15,070 Mars's history when we think life had 169 00:06:20,010 --> 00:06:16,840 the best chance of existing at the 170 00:06:21,719 --> 00:06:20,020 surface and and so that that's exciting 171 00:06:23,700 --> 00:06:21,729 in and of itself in and the potential to 172 00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:23,710 bring those rocks back to earth to study 173 00:06:29,370 --> 00:06:27,370 is just a Fant fantastic potential but 174 00:06:32,100 --> 00:06:29,380 jezzer is also special because we know 175 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:32,110 slam dunk that it had water in that 176 00:06:36,029 --> 00:06:34,330 crater and that's not something we need 177 00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:36,039 necessarily know for all the craters on 178 00:06:40,950 --> 00:06:38,500 Mars but it has the beautifully proves 179 00:06:42,540 --> 00:06:40,960 of Delta and an inlet channel and an 180 00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:42,550 outlet channel so we know that that 181 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:43,990 crater basically filled up like a 182 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:45,730 bathtub at some point in the ancient 183 00:06:51,030 --> 00:06:48,970 ancient past and and overflowed at some 184 00:06:53,370 --> 00:06:51,040 point so what we have in jezero crater 185 00:06:55,830 --> 00:06:53,380 are these ancient rocks representing 186 00:06:57,900 --> 00:06:55,840 earliest earliest Mars history we have 187 00:06:59,670 --> 00:06:57,910 rocks that were deposited in an ancient 188 00:07:01,800 --> 00:06:59,680 lake which we know from Earth are a 189 00:07:04,380 --> 00:07:01,810 great place to search for for signs of 190 00:07:06,270 --> 00:07:04,390 life and you know if things go well 191 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:06,280 we'll have an opportunity to answer some 192 00:07:10,110 --> 00:07:08,170 of our most fundamental questions we 193 00:07:12,750 --> 00:07:10,120 have about Mars history and planetary 194 00:07:15,180 --> 00:07:12,760 evolution in addition to continuing our 195 00:07:18,420 --> 00:07:15,190 search for life on on Mars and and 196 00:07:20,850 --> 00:07:18,430 elsewhere in the solar system the 197 00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:20,860 pictures are just incredible of jezero 198 00:07:25,620 --> 00:07:23,290 crater it's it's so neat to look at that 199 00:07:27,630 --> 00:07:25,630 and I'm sure you're super excited to be 200 00:07:30,510 --> 00:07:27,640 a part of this mission how are you gonna 201 00:07:34,050 --> 00:07:30,520 feel next year on February 18th when it 202 00:07:35,940 --> 00:07:34,060 hopefully lands well you know I think 203 00:07:38,550 --> 00:07:35,950 there are a lot of nerves associated 204 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:38,560 with with launches and landing events so 205 00:07:41,909 --> 00:07:40,450 will certainly be on me I'll be on the 206 00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:41,919 edge of my seat 207 00:07:45,510 --> 00:07:43,660 but you know there's nothing quite like 208 00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:45,520 getting that first image back from the 209 00:07:48,540 --> 00:07:47,110 surface of Mars and that's an experience 210 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:48,550 that I was really lucky to have as a 211 00:07:52,770 --> 00:07:50,410 member of the Curiosity rover team and 212 00:07:55,290 --> 00:07:52,780 so I can't wait to get that first view 213 00:07:57,900 --> 00:07:55,300 in jezero crater you know the past 214 00:08:00,210 --> 00:07:57,910 couple of years I've spent hundreds of 215 00:08:02,700 --> 00:08:00,220 hours looking at these images from from 216 00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:02,710 our orbiter cameras so that opportunity 217 00:08:07,260 --> 00:08:04,960 to translate what we see from orbit to 218 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:07,270 then what we see on the surface is just 219 00:08:12,570 --> 00:08:09,970 a great moment for me as a scientist and 220 00:08:14,219 --> 00:08:12,580 so I'm really excited for that and we 221 00:08:16,350 --> 00:08:14,229 have we have a lot of work to do on the 222 00:08:18,409 --> 00:08:16,360 surface cashing those samples and 223 00:08:20,550 --> 00:08:18,419 getting ready for Mars sample return so 224 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:20,560 we're I'll be ready to hit the ground 225 00:08:25,530 --> 00:08:23,890 running and excited for making those 226 00:08:27,330 --> 00:08:25,540 scientific discoveries that we think are 227 00:08:29,580 --> 00:08:27,340 really going to advance Mars science and 228 00:08:33,089 --> 00:08:29,590 our understanding of the solar system 229 00:08:36,329 --> 00:08:33,099 and how it evolved that is going to be 230 00:08:38,370 --> 00:08:36,339 really awesome Katey and as you folks 231 00:08:42,089 --> 00:08:38,380 might not know at home the launch window 232 00:08:44,460 --> 00:08:42,099 for Mars 2020 mission opens up July 17th 233 00:08:46,110 --> 00:08:44,470 and that's down at Kennedy Space Center 234 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:46,120 and so we'll be keeping our fingers 235 00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:48,250 crossed for a very successful launch now 236 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:50,270 I'd like to welcome Stephanie Smith 237 00:08:55,090 --> 00:08:52,490 social media manager to answer all of 238 00:08:58,150 --> 00:08:55,100 your questions coming in for Katy 239 00:08:59,560 --> 00:08:58,160 welcome Stephanie well I'm certainly 240 00:09:01,690 --> 00:08:59,570 looking out for all of those questions 241 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:01,700 but we're gonna let Katy answer them 242 00:09:05,650 --> 00:09:04,250 we're seeing lots of great chat we've 243 00:09:08,610 --> 00:09:05,660 got people from around the world 244 00:09:12,450 --> 00:09:08,620 watching live right now India Jamaica 245 00:09:16,270 --> 00:09:12,460 Germany right here in Pasadena home to 246 00:09:19,210 --> 00:09:16,280 our laboratory and our Mars rovers 247 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:19,220 anyway without any further ado if you're 248 00:09:22,510 --> 00:09:20,690 watching this on youtube and you don't 249 00:09:24,010 --> 00:09:22,520 see that chat just go ahead and refresh 250 00:09:26,410 --> 00:09:24,020 your browser because the chat window is 251 00:09:29,500 --> 00:09:26,420 open we'll be taking your questions from 252 00:09:32,140 --> 00:09:29,510 there as well as monitoring Twitter for 253 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:32,150 the hashtag ask NASA without any further 254 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:35,810 ado Katie we're getting all kinds of 255 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:38,770 different questions including one about 256 00:09:41,830 --> 00:09:40,370 moxie 257 00:09:44,910 --> 00:09:41,840 we know Moxie is a technology 258 00:09:49,080 --> 00:09:44,920 demonstration on the rover but Saverio 259 00:09:53,710 --> 00:09:49,090 would like to know how does moxie work 260 00:09:55,090 --> 00:09:53,720 yes so Moxie is is like a fuel cell run 261 00:09:57,760 --> 00:09:55,100 in Reverse and you might be familiar 262 00:09:58,930 --> 00:09:57,770 with that from-from kind of the hybrid 263 00:10:01,540 --> 00:09:58,940 cars we have here on earth 264 00:10:04,140 --> 00:10:01,550 but basically what happens with moxie is 265 00:10:06,780 --> 00:10:04,150 we take co2 from the Martian atmosphere 266 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:06,790 bring it into moxie and then through 267 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:09,170 electrochemical processes we basically 268 00:10:14,020 --> 00:10:11,930 run electricity through the co2 molecule 269 00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:14,030 and split that into the carbon and 270 00:10:20,980 --> 00:10:17,090 oxygen and by doing that process we're 271 00:10:23,260 --> 00:10:20,990 able to produce oxygen and then that you 272 00:10:25,570 --> 00:10:23,270 know goes back out into the Martian 273 00:10:27,580 --> 00:10:25,580 Martian atmosphere an environment in 274 00:10:29,860 --> 00:10:27,590 terms of what Moxie does but our hope in 275 00:10:32,020 --> 00:10:29,870 the future and the reason why moxie is 276 00:10:33,610 --> 00:10:32,030 is a part of the Mars 2020 payload is 277 00:10:37,330 --> 00:10:33,620 that we'd like to demonstrate the 278 00:10:38,860 --> 00:10:37,340 production of oxygen in situ on Mars for 279 00:10:40,150 --> 00:10:38,870 the potential for future missions to 280 00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:40,160 take advantage of that in particular 281 00:10:46,630 --> 00:10:43,610 human exploration mission opportunities 282 00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:46,640 that would need to use oxygen on the 283 00:10:51,490 --> 00:10:49,250 surface either for you know for keeping 284 00:10:53,710 --> 00:10:51,500 their their habitable environments going 285 00:10:55,930 --> 00:10:53,720 as well as producing fuel that might get 286 00:10:57,790 --> 00:10:55,940 astronauts from the surface of Mars back 287 00:10:59,680 --> 00:10:57,800 to earth and so we're excited about that 288 00:11:01,750 --> 00:10:59,690 technology demonstration and and 289 00:11:03,970 --> 00:11:01,760 demonstrating that capability on Mars 290 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:03,980 for the first time 291 00:11:09,640 --> 00:11:07,370 fantastic all right Heidi on YouTube 292 00:11:13,870 --> 00:11:09,650 wants to know will the rover look for 293 00:11:16,420 --> 00:11:13,880 water yes that's a great question and we 294 00:11:18,370 --> 00:11:16,430 we will indeed search for for water but 295 00:11:20,050 --> 00:11:18,380 it's not it's not necessarily searching 296 00:11:22,930 --> 00:11:20,060 for water that is liquid on the surface 297 00:11:25,150 --> 00:11:22,940 of Mars today the surface of Mars isn't 298 00:11:26,620 --> 00:11:25,160 capable of supporting liquid water it's 299 00:11:29,050 --> 00:11:26,630 the pressure is too low and it's too 300 00:11:31,930 --> 00:11:29,060 cold but we're looking for water and 301 00:11:33,520 --> 00:11:31,940 other ways and for example minerals 302 00:11:35,770 --> 00:11:33,530 which are what rocks are made of can 303 00:11:37,810 --> 00:11:35,780 actually bind water within the structure 304 00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:37,820 of those minerals and so rocks can 305 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:39,830 actually have water in them and those 306 00:11:43,450 --> 00:11:41,810 minerals that have water some of the 307 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:43,460 most exciting minerals that we look for 308 00:11:47,680 --> 00:11:45,290 on the surface of Mars because they are 309 00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:47,690 also really good at at trapping and 310 00:11:50,770 --> 00:11:49,370 collecting organic matter which is one 311 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:50,780 of the key things we look for in 312 00:11:55,210 --> 00:11:52,970 determining habitable environments in 313 00:11:57,190 --> 00:11:55,220 the ancient Mars rock record and signs 314 00:11:59,590 --> 00:11:57,200 of life and so we'll be looking for 315 00:12:01,450 --> 00:11:59,600 hydrated minerals and evidence that 316 00:12:03,250 --> 00:12:01,460 water was once there on the surface of 317 00:12:05,110 --> 00:12:03,260 Mars and so that's the way we search for 318 00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:05,120 water it's its most Junt water that 319 00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:07,130 we're looking for as opposed to liquid 320 00:12:14,530 --> 00:12:11,750 water or ice at the surface today okay 321 00:12:16,810 --> 00:12:14,540 so Pete over here on YouTube certainly 322 00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:16,820 knows a lot about this Rover and one of 323 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:19,310 its new features it will be carrying not 324 00:12:24,340 --> 00:12:22,010 one but two microphones so as a 325 00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:24,350 scientist what do you expect to learn 326 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:28,640 from those microphones yes so so one of 327 00:12:32,650 --> 00:12:30,530 those microphones is on the is part of 328 00:12:35,890 --> 00:12:32,660 the super cam instrument suite and so 329 00:12:38,620 --> 00:12:35,900 super cam uses a laser to shoot rocks 330 00:12:41,020 --> 00:12:38,630 and and creates a vapor when the the 331 00:12:42,760 --> 00:12:41,030 laser interacts with the rocks and then 332 00:12:45,130 --> 00:12:42,770 the spectrometer is on super cam will 333 00:12:46,870 --> 00:12:45,140 analyze that vapor and so what we're 334 00:12:49,120 --> 00:12:46,880 gonna have for Mars 2020 for the first 335 00:12:53,470 --> 00:12:49,130 time is a microphone that it basically 336 00:12:56,140 --> 00:12:53,480 is able to hear that zap and go and and 337 00:12:58,960 --> 00:12:56,150 so that'll tell us a perhaps about the 338 00:13:00,790 --> 00:12:58,970 the material properties of the the rocks 339 00:13:02,950 --> 00:13:00,800 that we are in fact analyzing with the 340 00:13:05,050 --> 00:13:02,960 super cam laser so we're interested to 341 00:13:06,970 --> 00:13:05,060 know more about the the interaction of 342 00:13:09,190 --> 00:13:06,980 the super cam instrument with the 343 00:13:10,900 --> 00:13:09,200 surface of Mars and hope to be able to 344 00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:10,910 understand more about the rocks that we 345 00:13:21,790 --> 00:13:18,939 so shellin on YouTube would like to know 346 00:13:23,439 --> 00:13:21,800 how does all this data all these images 347 00:13:25,420 --> 00:13:23,449 these sounds how does that data 348 00:13:29,110 --> 00:13:25,430 collected by the rover get transmitted 349 00:13:32,559 --> 00:13:29,120 back to earth yeah so we we actually use 350 00:13:35,619 --> 00:13:32,569 our orbiters that are going around Mars 351 00:13:37,689 --> 00:13:35,629 that so so the rover collects its data 352 00:13:39,819 --> 00:13:37,699 then it transmits that data to our 353 00:13:41,619 --> 00:13:39,829 orbiters our orbiters transmitted 354 00:13:43,929 --> 00:13:41,629 through the Deep Space Network and then 355 00:13:46,389 --> 00:13:43,939 that all comes together in Mission 356 00:13:48,549 --> 00:13:46,399 Control at JPL and so that's how we get 357 00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:48,559 our data and it's not an instant thing 358 00:13:52,449 --> 00:13:49,910 it takes some time for that to happen 359 00:13:53,860 --> 00:13:52,459 and our orbiters only get into a 360 00:13:55,559 --> 00:13:53,870 configuration where we can communicate 361 00:13:58,299 --> 00:13:55,569 with them at certain times of the day 362 00:14:00,610 --> 00:13:58,309 but we we know those ahead of time and 363 00:14:02,379 --> 00:14:00,620 so we can basically plan the times when 364 00:14:04,030 --> 00:14:02,389 the rover basically picks up the phone 365 00:14:08,769 --> 00:14:04,040 to call the orbiters and send the data 366 00:14:12,009 --> 00:14:08,779 back to earth questions are just pouring 367 00:14:14,499 --> 00:14:12,019 in here oh my goodness a lot of them are 368 00:14:16,660 --> 00:14:14,509 engineering questions you're a project 369 00:14:20,019 --> 00:14:16,670 scientist I want to try to keep this 370 00:14:22,989 --> 00:14:20,029 focus on science today but I will ask 371 00:14:26,439 --> 00:14:22,999 something from someone whose dream job 372 00:14:27,759 --> 00:14:26,449 is is to work on a mission like this and 373 00:14:30,369 --> 00:14:27,769 it might give you a chance to talk about 374 00:14:32,919 --> 00:14:30,379 the diverse backgrounds of your your 375 00:14:35,799 --> 00:14:32,929 colleagues on Mars 2020 376 00:14:37,509 --> 00:14:35,809 so like Arcia on facebook wants to know 377 00:14:40,030 --> 00:14:37,519 do you have a job there for an oil 378 00:14:43,119 --> 00:14:40,040 engineer is working with aerospace is 379 00:14:45,579 --> 00:14:43,129 his dream yes you know that's actually 380 00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:45,589 that's a fantastic question one of my 381 00:14:48,939 --> 00:14:46,910 favorite thing is about working on a 382 00:14:51,369 --> 00:14:48,949 rover mission is the diversity of the 383 00:14:52,629 --> 00:14:51,379 people who were behind the rover mission 384 00:14:54,489 --> 00:14:52,639 and you'll get to hear about some of 385 00:14:57,100 --> 00:14:54,499 those in the coming weeks but from a 386 00:14:59,079 --> 00:14:57,110 science side we have you know people who 387 00:15:01,600 --> 00:14:59,089 consider themselves planetary scientist 388 00:15:03,429 --> 00:15:01,610 or planetary geologist like myself but 389 00:15:05,679 --> 00:15:03,439 we also have biologists and physics 390 00:15:07,090 --> 00:15:05,689 physicists and chemists and there's 391 00:15:08,650 --> 00:15:07,100 there's a place for everyone because 392 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:08,660 when we send these rubber missions 393 00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:10,370 there's so many different aspects and 394 00:15:14,530 --> 00:15:12,110 scientific approaches that we take to 395 00:15:16,090 --> 00:15:14,540 understand the data that comes back and 396 00:15:18,669 --> 00:15:16,100 and for people who are focused on 397 00:15:20,019 --> 00:15:18,679 instruments and instrumentation of 398 00:15:21,610 --> 00:15:20,029 course we need those folks as well 399 00:15:23,289 --> 00:15:21,620 because we operate these instruments on 400 00:15:25,090 --> 00:15:23,299 Mars and in unique environments and 401 00:15:27,639 --> 00:15:25,100 we're also looking to understand the 402 00:15:29,259 --> 00:15:27,649 climate of Mars both present and past so 403 00:15:31,269 --> 00:15:29,269 mr. Urich science is an important part 404 00:15:33,549 --> 00:15:31,279 of what we do with with these Mars 405 00:15:34,869 --> 00:15:33,559 missions and of course engineers you 406 00:15:36,429 --> 00:15:34,879 know all different types of engineering 407 00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:36,439 system engineering mechanical 408 00:15:40,420 --> 00:15:37,910 engineering Electrical Engineering all 409 00:15:42,179 --> 00:15:40,430 very important for getting a rover built 410 00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:42,189 in and operating safely on the surface 411 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:45,410 so you mentioned Stephanie an oil 412 00:15:50,919 --> 00:15:48,290 engineer and so this is an interesting 413 00:15:53,319 --> 00:15:50,929 question because some of the strategies 414 00:15:54,939 --> 00:15:53,329 that the oil and gas industry uses on 415 00:15:56,169 --> 00:15:54,949 earth is very similar to some of the 416 00:15:59,100 --> 00:15:56,179 approaches that we take when we're 417 00:16:01,119 --> 00:15:59,110 searching for organics on on Mars and so 418 00:16:02,619 --> 00:16:01,129 Delta's are a place that the oil 419 00:16:03,759 --> 00:16:02,629 industry is very interested in the rock 420 00:16:05,230 --> 00:16:03,769 record here on earth and we're 421 00:16:07,540 --> 00:16:05,240 interested in them on Mars because they 422 00:16:09,669 --> 00:16:07,550 are a great way to concentrate organic 423 00:16:11,290 --> 00:16:09,679 matter and so we use some of the same 424 00:16:12,609 --> 00:16:11,300 strategies that scientists have been 425 00:16:14,949 --> 00:16:12,619 using and geologists have been using 426 00:16:16,629 --> 00:16:14,959 here on earth for four decades now to 427 00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:16,639 search for organics on earth and we're 428 00:16:21,519 --> 00:16:19,610 using those to study organics on Mars we 429 00:16:23,559 --> 00:16:21,529 also have some shared ties in terms of 430 00:16:25,780 --> 00:16:23,569 our the way that we drill and and 431 00:16:26,829 --> 00:16:25,790 understand you know drilling technology 432 00:16:28,210 --> 00:16:26,839 and that's of course something that's 433 00:16:30,069 --> 00:16:28,220 very relevant in the oil and gas 434 00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:30,079 industry here on earth and and we 435 00:16:33,009 --> 00:16:31,490 there's some lessons learned that we've 436 00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:33,019 taken from that industry and applied to 437 00:16:38,110 --> 00:16:36,110 how we learn and develop our drills that 438 00:16:39,340 --> 00:16:38,120 we use to samp's on Mars so there are a 439 00:16:41,259 --> 00:16:39,350 lot of connections there and I think 440 00:16:42,460 --> 00:16:41,269 those connections exist for a lot of 441 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:42,470 different fields in science and 442 00:16:46,119 --> 00:16:43,850 engineering here on earth 443 00:16:48,730 --> 00:16:46,129 and there's easy translation of those 444 00:16:53,860 --> 00:16:48,740 those skills here on earth to studying 445 00:16:56,590 --> 00:16:53,870 another planet so man drone and row in 446 00:16:59,259 --> 00:16:56,600 the YouTube chat wants to know how the 447 00:17:01,889 --> 00:16:59,269 samples that purse parents will collect 448 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:01,899 how will they get back to earth 449 00:17:06,519 --> 00:17:04,490 yes that's a that's a fantastic question 450 00:17:07,870 --> 00:17:06,529 and we're all very excited about the 451 00:17:10,179 --> 00:17:07,880 potential for bringing those samples 452 00:17:12,850 --> 00:17:10,189 back and right now NASA has has 453 00:17:16,389 --> 00:17:12,860 developed a an architecture that's 454 00:17:17,679 --> 00:17:16,399 that's in development and in work for 455 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:17,689 how we would bring those samples back 456 00:17:22,419 --> 00:17:19,610 and it involves participation from 457 00:17:24,699 --> 00:17:22,429 international space agencies as well and 458 00:17:28,210 --> 00:17:24,709 so the concept right now involves 459 00:17:30,909 --> 00:17:28,220 another multi staged mission mission 460 00:17:32,740 --> 00:17:30,919 series of missions the first of which is 461 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:32,750 is of course the perseverance rover and 462 00:17:37,779 --> 00:17:34,610 we collect and cache those samples and 463 00:17:39,639 --> 00:17:37,789 then sometime down the road the next leg 464 00:17:41,140 --> 00:17:39,649 of sample return would arrive and we 465 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:41,150 anticipate that that that 466 00:17:46,210 --> 00:17:43,970 Legg will involve a small Rover called a 467 00:17:48,580 --> 00:17:46,220 fetch Rover that's what we call it now 468 00:17:50,350 --> 00:17:48,590 that would have the potential to go out 469 00:17:52,150 --> 00:17:50,360 and collectibles that perseverance has 470 00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:52,160 put down on the surface and it would 471 00:17:57,670 --> 00:17:54,650 have an ascent vehicle that would help 472 00:17:59,350 --> 00:17:57,680 get those samples once delivered back up 473 00:18:01,600 --> 00:17:59,360 into orbit where it would potentially 474 00:18:03,370 --> 00:18:01,610 rendezvous with an orbiter that would 475 00:18:04,990 --> 00:18:03,380 then come back to earth there might be 476 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:05,000 another leg there as well 477 00:18:09,130 --> 00:18:07,730 orbiting Earth and eventually we would 478 00:18:10,870 --> 00:18:09,140 look to get those samples back to the 479 00:18:13,060 --> 00:18:10,880 surface so those details are all still 480 00:18:15,190 --> 00:18:13,070 in work but it's what I can say is it's 481 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:15,200 definitely a multi leg mission with 482 00:18:18,669 --> 00:18:17,090 international participation because this 483 00:18:20,110 --> 00:18:18,679 is a big effort and I think we all need 484 00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:20,120 to it's important that we're all working 485 00:18:24,970 --> 00:18:22,820 together bringing you know all of our 486 00:18:26,919 --> 00:18:24,980 expertise in in planetary exploration to 487 00:18:32,220 --> 00:18:26,929 bear on on accomplishing the goal of 488 00:18:34,990 --> 00:18:32,230 sample return so specifically on 2020 489 00:18:36,850 --> 00:18:35,000 Alex and Donnie are both wondering the 490 00:18:42,280 --> 00:18:36,860 same thing what's the expected lifespan 491 00:18:44,350 --> 00:18:42,290 of this Rover so it's how we determine 492 00:18:46,810 --> 00:18:44,360 that for for Mars mission mission is not 493 00:18:49,060 --> 00:18:46,820 just perseverance but we we have a prime 494 00:18:50,980 --> 00:18:49,070 a prime mission span and so that's 495 00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:50,990 basically the the period of time that 496 00:18:55,780 --> 00:18:53,390 the the rover is kind of its guaranteed 497 00:18:58,540 --> 00:18:55,790 lifetime and we determine that via 498 00:19:01,299 --> 00:18:58,550 testing and so the the guaranteed 499 00:19:05,860 --> 00:19:01,309 lifetime for the perseverance Rover is 500 00:19:08,230 --> 00:19:05,870 one Mars year or about to earth as many 501 00:19:10,540 --> 00:19:08,240 may be familiar previous Rovers like 502 00:19:12,340 --> 00:19:10,550 opportunity and spirit and curiosity 503 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:12,350 still in the service today has way 504 00:19:16,510 --> 00:19:14,690 outlived their prime mission and so we 505 00:19:18,340 --> 00:19:16,520 are optimistic that that could happen as 506 00:19:20,590 --> 00:19:18,350 well with perseverance but the 507 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:20,600 guaranteed lifetime is one Mars year or 508 00:19:27,580 --> 00:19:25,610 about two earth years all right 509 00:19:29,710 --> 00:19:27,590 scanning for more questions they are 510 00:19:33,940 --> 00:19:29,720 just pouring in from around the world 511 00:19:36,669 --> 00:19:33,950 here thank you so much everybody so P 512 00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:36,679 Utley on YouTube want to know if there 513 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:39,730 is something specific with this Rover 514 00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:42,410 that you are hoping to discover that 515 00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:44,090 other Rovers simply weren't advanced 516 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:48,170 enough to do yes that's a fantastic 517 00:19:52,930 --> 00:19:50,810 question and it really gets to the core 518 00:19:54,850 --> 00:19:52,940 of what Mars 2020 and persevere all 519 00:19:57,340 --> 00:19:54,860 about and this is our search 520 00:19:59,980 --> 00:19:57,350 for biosignatures so the perseverance 521 00:20:02,410 --> 00:19:59,990 rover has two brand-new instruments on 522 00:20:05,620 --> 00:20:02,420 the end of its arm that have the ability 523 00:20:08,260 --> 00:20:05,630 to map very fine scale textures in the 524 00:20:10,690 --> 00:20:08,270 rocks with very fine scale composition 525 00:20:12,820 --> 00:20:10,700 in the rocks and we can create those 526 00:20:14,799 --> 00:20:12,830 maps and then basically overlay them on 527 00:20:16,780 --> 00:20:14,809 top of each other and look for very 528 00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:16,790 distinct patterns both in the textures 529 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:18,740 and the composition of the those rocks 530 00:20:23,650 --> 00:20:21,290 emission of organics that can give us a 531 00:20:26,590 --> 00:20:23,660 clue that life once had a role to play 532 00:20:29,110 --> 00:20:26,600 in the creation of those signatures and 533 00:20:30,940 --> 00:20:29,120 previous Rover missions have have of 534 00:20:32,919 --> 00:20:30,950 course sampled rocks on Mars and looked 535 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:32,929 for organics but they do in a way that 536 00:20:36,610 --> 00:20:34,970 basically grinds up the rocks and and 537 00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:36,620 destroys the evidence of those textures 538 00:20:41,860 --> 00:20:39,290 in that sample with Mars 2020 and 539 00:20:44,049 --> 00:20:41,870 perseverance were able to preserve those 540 00:20:46,570 --> 00:20:44,059 textures analyze them at a very fine 541 00:20:48,070 --> 00:20:46,580 scale and those are exactly the 542 00:20:49,690 --> 00:20:48,080 techniques that we use on earth when 543 00:20:52,030 --> 00:20:49,700 we're searching for signs of ancient 544 00:20:54,280 --> 00:20:52,040 life in our own rock record and so I 545 00:20:56,890 --> 00:20:54,290 think that the perseverance rover is is 546 00:20:58,720 --> 00:20:56,900 the best-equipped of any Mars rover to 547 00:21:00,370 --> 00:20:58,730 actually seek those signs of upon Mars 548 00:21:02,740 --> 00:21:00,380 and our payload can help support that 549 00:21:05,020 --> 00:21:02,750 and so we're hoping to really make 550 00:21:06,909 --> 00:21:05,030 progress on on that question the 551 00:21:12,270 --> 00:21:06,919 question of life on Mars and our payload 552 00:21:15,760 --> 00:21:12,280 is really well suited to doing that so 553 00:21:18,370 --> 00:21:15,770 let's see here Connor on YouTube also 554 00:21:21,159 --> 00:21:18,380 asks what energy source will this Rover 555 00:21:24,010 --> 00:21:21,169 use yes so we have a similar energy 556 00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:24,020 source as the the Curiosity rover 557 00:21:30,299 --> 00:21:27,650 it's a radio isotope thermal generator 558 00:21:33,730 --> 00:21:30,309 and it's actually similar to it to what 559 00:21:36,730 --> 00:21:33,740 Mark mark Watney used in that in the 560 00:21:39,940 --> 00:21:36,740 Martian movie and how it kept he kept 561 00:21:42,909 --> 00:21:39,950 warm and so we have a similar similar 562 00:21:44,770 --> 00:21:42,919 system on on perserverance and it not 563 00:21:46,450 --> 00:21:44,780 only generates energy to keep the river 564 00:21:49,270 --> 00:21:46,460 going but it also of course generates 565 00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:49,280 the heat that helps to warm up the other 566 00:21:52,690 --> 00:21:50,990 parts of the Rovers that we can operate 567 00:21:57,159 --> 00:21:52,700 even though it's very cold on the 568 00:21:59,530 --> 00:21:57,169 surface of Mars so we're also getting 569 00:22:02,260 --> 00:21:59,540 some questions about the recently named 570 00:22:05,049 --> 00:22:02,270 ingenuity helicopter which is definitely 571 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:05,059 separate from your flagship mission it's 572 00:22:11,710 --> 00:22:08,690 a technology demonstration but okay 573 00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:11,720 you know what are you excited about the 574 00:22:19,090 --> 00:22:15,200 helicopter and you know what might it be 575 00:22:22,750 --> 00:22:19,100 able to tell us yes oh that ingenuity 576 00:22:25,630 --> 00:22:22,760 newly named just yesterday is is a 577 00:22:27,610 --> 00:22:25,640 technology demonstration riding along 578 00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:27,620 with the perseverance Rover and will 579 00:22:31,990 --> 00:22:29,090 carry it on the belly of the rover and 580 00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:32,000 sometime in the first first months of 581 00:22:36,670 --> 00:22:33,920 the mission will it will drop ingenuity 582 00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:36,680 drive a little ways away and it'll do a 583 00:22:41,110 --> 00:22:39,410 series of test flights and this will be 584 00:22:43,630 --> 00:22:41,120 the first time that we're testing out a 585 00:22:46,420 --> 00:22:43,640 helicopter in a Mars Mars environment 586 00:22:48,850 --> 00:22:46,430 Mars atmosphere and so we're looking to 587 00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:48,860 to really just prove that that it can 588 00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:51,410 work that we can take a helicopter even 589 00:22:55,870 --> 00:22:53,930 though the Mars atmospheric pressure is 590 00:22:57,670 --> 00:22:55,880 so much lower than than here on earth 591 00:23:00,250 --> 00:22:57,680 and actually operate that kind of 592 00:23:02,020 --> 00:23:00,260 technology so a small number of flights 593 00:23:05,290 --> 00:23:02,030 just to prove that it can go up and go 594 00:23:06,790 --> 00:23:05,300 down maybe move laterally we expect that 595 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:06,800 it's going to take some images while 596 00:23:10,930 --> 00:23:08,210 it's up in the air and we're very 597 00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:10,940 excited to get those images down mate 598 00:23:13,990 --> 00:23:12,110 perhaps we'll even be able to take a 599 00:23:15,850 --> 00:23:14,000 picture of the rover from the helicopter 600 00:23:18,430 --> 00:23:15,860 that'll be a great a great image I think 601 00:23:19,570 --> 00:23:18,440 for us all to see and so we're we're 602 00:23:21,730 --> 00:23:19,580 interested in learning how this 603 00:23:23,860 --> 00:23:21,740 technology works on Mars with an eye 604 00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:23,870 towards future of Mars exploration that 605 00:23:27,910 --> 00:23:25,910 might take advantage of the same kind of 606 00:23:30,670 --> 00:23:27,920 helicopter technology that would allow 607 00:23:33,070 --> 00:23:30,680 us to explore you know large distances 608 00:23:35,140 --> 00:23:33,080 on the surface of Mars with a single 609 00:23:38,380 --> 00:23:35,150 helicopter leap so we're excited to see 610 00:23:41,110 --> 00:23:38,390 how ingenuity operates in the Mars 611 00:23:45,460 --> 00:23:41,120 environment and we're looking forward to 612 00:23:46,780 --> 00:23:45,470 that technology demonstration so you 613 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:46,790 mentioned some of the challenges that 614 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:49,610 the the helicopter will face what are 615 00:23:54,790 --> 00:23:51,650 some of the biggest challenges to 616 00:23:57,850 --> 00:23:54,800 designing a vehicle that can function on 617 00:24:03,370 --> 00:23:57,860 a foreign planet this is from Manish on 618 00:24:05,260 --> 00:24:03,380 Twitter yes so one of our our biggest 619 00:24:06,940 --> 00:24:05,270 challenges actually with the Curiosity 620 00:24:10,360 --> 00:24:06,950 rover that's currently exploring Gale 621 00:24:12,460 --> 00:24:10,370 Crater right now was was its wheels very 622 00:24:13,990 --> 00:24:12,470 early on in the mission we discovered 623 00:24:16,330 --> 00:24:14,000 with curiosity that it's wheels were 624 00:24:19,090 --> 00:24:16,340 such more wear and tear than we had 625 00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:19,100 originally expected and is about 300 626 00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:21,110 days into the mission where we noticed 627 00:24:24,550 --> 00:24:22,310 these big gashes in the 628 00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:24,560 wheels and you know that was a big 629 00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:26,450 threat to curiosity's mission and Gale 630 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:28,400 Crater of course that mission is still 631 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:29,930 ongoing and we've learned how to use the 632 00:24:33,790 --> 00:24:31,730 wheels as a resource but we decided when 633 00:24:35,650 --> 00:24:33,800 we were developing and designing the 634 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:35,660 perseverance rover that we didn't want 635 00:24:39,070 --> 00:24:36,890 to have to worry about that kind of 636 00:24:41,110 --> 00:24:39,080 issue on Mars with perseverance so an 637 00:24:43,360 --> 00:24:41,120 example of how we've kind of taken a 638 00:24:46,390 --> 00:24:43,370 previous challenge and adapted to it 639 00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:46,400 we've made the perseverance wheel much 640 00:24:50,980 --> 00:24:48,290 stronger they're a little bit heavier 641 00:24:52,360 --> 00:24:50,990 but they're much more robust to the type 642 00:24:53,920 --> 00:24:52,370 of terrain that we expect to encounter 643 00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:53,930 on Mars so we're hoping that that's 644 00:24:58,120 --> 00:24:56,450 actually not a challenge for us but 645 00:25:01,180 --> 00:24:58,130 that's that's one example of the type of 646 00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:01,190 challenge that we can encounter I think 647 00:25:05,860 --> 00:25:02,930 for us one of our biggest challenges 648 00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:05,870 that we'll look to to to overcome I 649 00:25:10,120 --> 00:25:08,090 think is is you know we are responsible 650 00:25:12,190 --> 00:25:10,130 for collecting the samples for potential 651 00:25:14,530 --> 00:25:12,200 sample return oh we're gonna have to 652 00:25:16,750 --> 00:25:14,540 move expeditiously through our landing 653 00:25:18,430 --> 00:25:16,760 site and be efficient with our 654 00:25:21,580 --> 00:25:18,440 exploration while at the same time 655 00:25:23,620 --> 00:25:21,590 making good science decisions about the 656 00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:23,630 samples we collect and so I think where 657 00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:25,370 we feel the responsibility and we're 658 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:27,470 excited to have that responsibility but 659 00:25:31,630 --> 00:25:29,210 we know that that future generations of 660 00:25:33,910 --> 00:25:31,640 scientists are depending on us to put 661 00:25:39,310 --> 00:25:33,920 together a good sample cache and so we 662 00:25:42,430 --> 00:25:39,320 take that seriously all right back to 663 00:25:45,580 --> 00:25:42,440 the science he run smart nerd and snob 664 00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:45,590 noms over the YouTube chat and having a 665 00:25:49,210 --> 00:25:47,690 conversation about the Martian 666 00:25:52,990 --> 00:25:49,220 blueberries that were found by the 667 00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:53,000 spirit rover the hematite so they were 668 00:25:58,930 --> 00:25:55,130 wondering if you could explain what 669 00:26:00,820 --> 00:25:58,940 these blue pebbles were a sign of and do 670 00:26:04,630 --> 00:26:00,830 you expect to find something like that 671 00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:04,640 with perseverance could you repeat the 672 00:26:12,340 --> 00:26:10,310 question sure so can you explain this 673 00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:12,350 this is this is going back a little bit 674 00:26:18,010 --> 00:26:15,380 to the Mars Exploration Rover spirit 675 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:18,020 when it found the Martian blueberries or 676 00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:20,450 hematite pebbles why was that 677 00:26:26,380 --> 00:26:23,810 significant in you know just 678 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:26,390 scientifically and what kind of 679 00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:28,610 discoveries do you hope that you might 680 00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:33,770 make with perseverance yes so the the 681 00:26:36,150 --> 00:26:34,850 early part of the question was still 682 00:26:37,860 --> 00:26:36,160 coming in a little garbled but 683 00:26:40,770 --> 00:26:37,870 I'll address the second half which was 684 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:40,780 what we're looking to discover with 685 00:26:44,909 --> 00:26:43,210 perseverance and so I mentioned bio 686 00:26:48,419 --> 00:26:44,919 signatures and I think that's really a 687 00:26:50,340 --> 00:26:48,429 key part of what we're searching for 688 00:26:52,380 --> 00:26:50,350 with Mars 2020 and the perseverance 689 00:26:54,690 --> 00:26:52,390 Rover that we'll be looking to explore 690 00:26:56,789 --> 00:26:54,700 these sediments of the ancient Delta 691 00:26:58,500 --> 00:26:56,799 present and jezero crater looking for 692 00:27:00,810 --> 00:26:58,510 signs of ancient life and looking to 693 00:27:03,330 --> 00:27:00,820 understand the evolution of that Delta 694 00:27:05,220 --> 00:27:03,340 over time and Delta's are exciting 695 00:27:07,049 --> 00:27:05,230 because they represent we know we know 696 00:27:09,270 --> 00:27:07,059 they get deposited in standing bodies of 697 00:27:12,210 --> 00:27:09,280 water and so we'll be looking to to 698 00:27:14,940 --> 00:27:12,220 track the evolution of of water in the 699 00:27:16,590 --> 00:27:14,950 history of ancient Mars and so go 700 00:27:18,419 --> 00:27:16,600 looking for evidence of mental change 701 00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:18,429 and in places that in the rock record 702 00:27:22,289 --> 00:27:20,110 that we think we're once habitable and 703 00:27:24,419 --> 00:27:22,299 also with an eye towards collecting 704 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:24,429 samples that can tell us more about the 705 00:27:28,740 --> 00:27:26,770 evolution of Mars as a planet looking 706 00:27:31,529 --> 00:27:28,750 for a diversity of geological 707 00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:31,539 environments evidence of volcanism and 708 00:27:34,919 --> 00:27:33,250 impact processes as well as the 709 00:27:37,850 --> 00:27:34,929 sedimentary processes that we know 710 00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:37,860 deposited the lake and Delta sediments 711 00:27:43,230 --> 00:27:40,890 well looking for evidence of water 712 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:43,240 interactions and that might be relevant 713 00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:44,650 to the early part of the question that I 714 00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:46,570 think was referencing spirit so we 715 00:27:52,169 --> 00:27:48,970 looking to understand how water moving 716 00:27:54,299 --> 00:27:52,179 through the subsurface of Mars had had 717 00:27:56,310 --> 00:27:54,309 an impact whether that was created 718 00:27:58,770 --> 00:27:56,320 habitable environments and in the 719 00:28:00,779 --> 00:27:58,780 subsurface of Mars and understanding how 720 00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:00,789 how fluids interacted with with the 721 00:28:04,140 --> 00:28:02,650 rocks and how they they changed the 722 00:28:05,399 --> 00:28:04,150 rocks over time and that tells us a lot 723 00:28:08,990 --> 00:28:05,409 about the environment and how the 724 00:28:12,299 --> 00:28:09,000 surface of Mars has evolved through time 725 00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:12,309 all right thank you so much Katie for 726 00:28:16,980 --> 00:28:15,250 answering so many questions with this I 727 00:28:17,730 --> 00:28:16,990 think I'm gonna go ahead and hand it 728 00:28:20,159 --> 00:28:17,740 back to you 729 00:28:21,840 --> 00:28:20,169 marina and thank you both this has been 730 00:28:24,990 --> 00:28:21,850 so fun to be able to bring so many 731 00:28:26,970 --> 00:28:25,000 questions to you and as we navigate the 732 00:28:29,730 --> 00:28:26,980 the new normal if you can call it that 733 00:28:32,460 --> 00:28:29,740 of live-streaming and dealing with all 734 00:28:34,980 --> 00:28:32,470 of our technical issues of connecting 735 00:28:37,159 --> 00:28:34,990 from our homes but we can still be alone 736 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:37,169 together right Marina 737 00:28:41,820 --> 00:28:39,970 that's right Stephanie thank you so much 738 00:28:44,399 --> 00:28:41,830 to the audience who participated those 739 00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:44,409 were amazing questions I know everyone 740 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:46,210 is really excited thank you so much 741 00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:48,610 Stephanie and thank you so much Katie I 742 00:28:51,090 --> 00:28:49,810 know all of us are 743 00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:51,100 really looking forward to the science 744 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:53,230 return I know that I'm very much looking 745 00:28:56,880 --> 00:28:55,090 for a weather station science return 746 00:28:59,010 --> 00:28:56,890 that we're going to get from that but 747 00:29:02,100 --> 00:28:59,020 thank you Katie thank you so much for 748 00:29:03,810 --> 00:29:02,110 everybody with us joining us live today 749 00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:03,820 now the launch window for Mars 2020 750 00:29:10,740 --> 00:29:06,850 opens on July 17th and will land on the 751 00:29:13,170 --> 00:29:10,750 Red Planet on February 18th in 2021 and 752 00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:13,180 for the latest on the Mars 2020 mission 753 00:29:18,570 --> 00:29:15,850 follow NASA persevere on all social 754 00:29:20,730 --> 00:29:18,580 media platforms and you can watch all of 755 00:29:24,780 --> 00:29:20,740 the behind the spacecraft video profiles 756 00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:24,790 on the NASA 360 youtube channel now 757 00:29:29,460 --> 00:29:26,530 we're going to be doing QAS with Mars 758 00:29:32,190 --> 00:29:29,470 2020 team members each Thursday right at 759 00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:32,200 the same time at 1 p.m. Pacific and 4 760 00:29:37,350 --> 00:29:34,690 p.m. Eastern for the next few weeks so 761 00:29:39,330 --> 00:29:37,360 make sure to tune in as we all know gate 762 00:29:42,660 --> 00:29:39,340 through this time together make sure to